Challenges and Solutions in AI for All

Artificial Intelligence (AI)'s pervasive presence and variety necessitate diversity and inclusivity (D&I) principles in its design for fairness, trust, and transparency. Yet, these considerations are often overlooked, leading to issues of bias, discrimination, and perceived untrustworthiness. In response, we conducted a Systematic Review to unearth challenges and solutions relating to D&I in AI. Our rigorous search yielded 48 research articles published between 2017 and 2022. Open coding of these papers revealed 55 unique challenges and 33 solutions for D&I in AI, as well as 24 unique challenges and 23 solutions for enhancing such practices using AI. This study, by offering a deeper understanding of these issues, will enlighten researchers and practitioners seeking to integrate these principles into future AI systems.Comment: 39 pages, 10 figures, 10 table

Effect of Channel Equalization Schemes in Performance Evaluation of a Secured Convolutional Encoded DWT Based MIMO MC-CDMA System

In this research work, performance of different channel equalization techniques and various M-ary modulation schemes (MPSK, MQAM and DPSK) for DWT based MIMO Multi-Carrier Code Division Multiple Access (MC-CDMA) wireless communication system has been analyzed through simulation. We propose this system using convolutional coding scheme over AWGN and Rayleigh fading channel with implementation of Walsh Hadamard code as orthogonal spreading code. In this paper, we derive a generalized analytical framework to evaluate the Bit Error rate (BER) with respect to Signal-to Noise Ratio (SNR) and also use Electronic Codebook (ECB) mode as cryptographic algorithm to encrypt the actual data for security issues

Building sustainable digital communities: A five-pronged social-informatics research approach in Bangladesh

In a developing society, critical issues highlighted are not just about the technology, but with social factors such as culture, institutions, organizational issues, and individual identities. Understanding such factors is significant to illustrate how best to create sustainable communities using technology. Researchers at Monash University have collaborated with Oxfam International and developed a 5-year international development project known as PROTIC. This paper aims to give readers an overview of the PROTIC project and describe how the five doctoral research students are designing their research to achieve a common goal of developing sustainable digital communities in Bangladesh. The students follow different research methods in their respective projects, targeting overall long-term sustainability for the vulnerable communities identified in each of their studies. Although using five distinct research project approaches, the PROTIC project aims to use the exploratory study to make information and communication technologies (ICT) more sustainable for underserved communities. The findings from these researchers will impact on design and implementation of ICT-based socio-economic development projects undertaken by international development organizations

A Study on the Prevalence of Human Values in Software Engineering Publications, 2015-2018

Failure to account for human values in software (e.g., equality and fairness) can result in user dissatisfaction and negative socio-economic impact. Engineering these values in software, however, requires technical and methodological support throughout the development life cycle. This paper investigates to what extent software engineering (SE) research has considered human values. We investigate the prevalence of human values in recent (2015 - 2018) publications at some of the top-tier SE conferences and journals. We classify SE publications, based on their relevance to different values, against a widely used value structure adopted from social sciences. Our results show that: (a) only a small proportion of the publications directly consider values, classified as relevant publications; (b) for the majority of the values, very few or no relevant publications were found; and (c) the prevalence of the relevant publications was higher in SE conferences compared to SE journals. This paper shares these and other insights that motivate research on human values in software engineering

Operationalizing Values in Mobile Applications: A Mixed-Methods Empirical Study on Agriculture Apps for Bangladeshi Female Farmers

The ubiquity of mobile applications in daily life raises the imperative that apps should reflect end-users' values (e.g., transparency, social recognition). This research conducted a mixed-methods empirical study to understand the values of Bangladeshi female farmers, identify the extent to which the existing agriculture apps reflect their values, and explore possible strategies to address their values in apps. This research identified conformity and security as the most important values for them. Among their 22 preferred values, 15 are reflected in the existing apps and 7 are ignored/violated. This research identified 14 strategies to address Bangladeshi female farmers' values in apps

Towards Integrating Human Values into Software: Mapping Principles and Rights of GDPR to Values

Software has become an integral part of human life. This gives rise to the need of developing software that respects human values such as transparency, fairness and privacy. Software that compromises on human values (e.g. privacy) can affect people's reputation and impinges on their ability to function in society with the usual freedom and autonomy. Integrating human values into software is, however, a challenging task due to its imprecise and subjective nature. Enforcing regulations is one way to make software development considerate of the desired standards and values. The European Union's General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) on software is one such effort to protect EU citizens' data and personal information. GDPR prescribes data protection principles and data subject rights mainly to protect user privacy. Looking beyond privacy, we studied GDPR to identify the extent to which it covers human values. We mapped GDPR's data protection principles and data subject rights to a widely accepted human values structure adopted from social sciences. Our results show that GDPR addresses not only privacy but also several other human values including power, security and universalism. Moreover, fairness and transparency stand out as the most value-conscious principles prescribed in GDPR